Interpretation of Poem Child of the Americas

Elementary Reaction Definition

Elementary Reaction Definition Elementary Reaction Definition An elementary reaction is a chemical reaction where reactants form products in a single step with a single transition state. Elementary reactions may combine to form complex or nonelementary reactions. Elementary Reaction Examples Types of elementary reactions include: Unimolecular Reaction - a molecule rearranges itself, forming one or more products A → products examples: radioactive decay, cis-trans isomerization, racemization, ring opening, thermal decomposition Bimolecular Reaction - two particles collide to form one or more products. Bimolecular reactions are second-order reactions, where the rate of the chemical reaction depends on the concentration of the two chemical species that are the reactants. This type of reaction is common in organic chemistry. A A → products A B → products examples: nucleophilic substitution Termolecular Reaction - three particles collide at once and react with each other. Termolecular reactions are uncommon because its unlikely three reactants will simultaneously collide, under the right condition, to result in a chemical reaction. This type of reaction is characterized by: A A A → products A A B → products A B C → products Sources Gillespie, D.T. (2009). A diffusional bimolecular propensity function. The Journal of Chemical Physics  131, 164109.IUPAC. (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book).

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Question - Essay Example 20th century, Keylor enlightens us on major problems faced by the European Powers in the decade that followed the war and the Europeanization of the world. According to Keylor, the 20th century was an era of illusions, especially where economic restoration and continental security were concerned. However, as realization emerged, the illusions that surrounded Keylor, takes into account the political, economic, social, diplomatic and military upheavals that took place in the struggle between these major world powers for supremacy. He points out that factors that went into play during the post war period, had created a deep impact in history which is felt even today. He examines both the World Wars and the Cold War and the rivalry and chaos that followed the struggle between the major powers for dominance and the detrimental factors that occurred in the post-war period. The European Powers faced major crisis in the post war decade especially where the economy was concerned. The heavy cost of the war posed a major threatening factor to them because they were not in a position to pay back the money that was borrowed for the war. The poor economy of the country further impacted upon trade, commerce and shipping, thus weakening their position still further. Europe’s economic dominance began to deteriorate alarmingly and the conflict served to alter trading relations around the world. institutions just crumbled and disappeared and while those that remained were weakened, indigenous nationalist movement made gradual progress. Transport and communication systems were in bad shape and needed to be restored in order to have a strong framework for connecting with each other. Another major challenge that posed a great problem for the European Powers was bringing stability to the nation and shifting itself from a war-time economy to a peaceful economy. In the wake of paying their debts, Europe who had once had lent money to the US by way of debt, now became the debtor

Compare and contrast two therapeutic approaches for people suffering Essay

Compare and contrast two therapeutic approaches for people suffering from depression - Essay Example This paper analyses these two methods critically (Roy, 2005). Depression is a feeling or medical illness that is characterized by varied symptoms all combined. People suffering from depression do not have same symptoms. That could be attributed to the fact that the extent of the depressive nature differs from one person to another. Depression is characterized by feelings of sadness that get prolonged over a period of time. It could also have character such as one feeling hopeless, guilty and seeing no worth in living. Irritability and feelings of restlessness coupled up with feelings of helplessness and pessimism are also signs of someone who is depressed. Others may experience moments where they totally lose interest in doing things they have fun doing, insomnia, overeating and to others, loss of appetite (Berne, 2007). Depression is caused by many factors including, trauma, losing a loved one through death, and going through an abusive and difficult relationship. It is mainly caused by stressful situations that people go through. No matter how strong someone may be, they could still suffer from depression. Scientists and medical research also show that depression could be caused by genetic, environmental and biological factors. This explains why people of a family could suffer from depression. This is because a given gene runs through a family and those carrying that gene risk suffering from this medical illness (Andrews, 2010). There are different types of depression. Major depression is a type of depression that disables and deters one from performing normally. One undergoing such depression experiences symptoms that impede one’s ability to do work, study, sleep, enjoy hobbies and even make one lose their appetite. Dysthymia is another form of depression characterized by symptoms that last for quite some time, hindering one from functioning well. Minor depression

Problems that researchers in the Arab world encounter Assignment

Problems that researchers in the Arab world encounter - Assignment Example The region has received good reputation with regard to oil production. Current research has shown that the Arab world is the largest oil producer in the world contributing to more than half of the entire world’s oil. The region has an even larger potential and if the researchers in the area had the needed facilities to carry out their activities, they would discover even more opportunities for growth. Leaders in the region have promised researchers a large amount of funding to purchase the equipments they require to carry out the research on areas that could produce benefits to society (Tessler, 2011). Funding has become a very great problem to assist the people in the region to scale even larger places. Almost all of the finances dedicated to research come from the government. This has been a very great challenge because it does not have the excess money to offer to the research institutions. The few private sector individuals that carry out research face the money problem and consequently end up not achieving their goals in the research field (Daniells, 2009). The number of research institutions has had a steady growth rate over the years. However, the output from these institutions is very low and this is owing to the high illiteracy levels in the area. A majority of the young people in the region come from rich families where they get to take over or rather run their family businesses. This makes most of these young people fall out of school. This has made current researchers lack people to assist them with their research and this has made them lack the motivation they require. Another problem that researchers in the area face is regarding brain drain. For the few individuals that succeed in going to school, they graduate and go to other countries to work. Some of these people have a large amount of knowledge that could help their countries with research. When these people go to other regions, they leave the initial

Tackling Obesity at a Global Level

Tackling Obesity at a Global Level Shirley PANG Obesity has become increasingly recognized as a serious health issue and has aroused public concern. World-wide, 475 million adults and 200 million teenagers are currently struggling with obesity (World Obesity Federation, 2014). The majority are in America and Europe (Ibid). This phenomenon results from diet imbalance due to over-consumption of calories and lack of exercise. Not only are people suffering from several types of disease such as heart problems and high blood pressure (World Obesity Federation, 2014), but also are being suffering discrimination by society as abnormal. The prevalence of obesity has been rising extensively and constantly in UK over the past two decades (Public Health England, 2014). Currently, 67% of males and 57% of women suffer from obesity or are overweight (Tran, 2014). Obesity is not just destructive and antagonizing to patients’ own physical health, but also a heavy burden to the government and the whole economy. This essay will examine the ca use of obesity and drawbacks of unsatisfactory levels of obesity. The conclusion of the paper present various strategies used in Denmark and UK to reduce the levels of obesity. Firstly, wholesome foods such as organic vegetables and vitamins are getting more expensive than ever and have become relatively expensive for citizens. For example, the cost of fruit and vegetables rose markedly by 17% in 1997 and 2003 (DeFusco, 2014). Obviously, non-nutritious foods such as canned foods and processed foods are cheaper, which provides an incentive for customers to purchase them. (Harvard School of Public Health, n.d.). As a result, unwholesome food trades a bigger market than fresh food. Low-income families tend to spend more on bargain groceries, and having a higher consumption rate of junk food in households induces a high obesity rate (Yale Rudd Centre, n.d.) The different structures of price greatly impact chronic obesity, which is why governments seek to implement a fat tax to prohibit such a situation. Secondly, moving to another cause of obesity. Continuing physical activity delivers the benefit of burning calories. Without a doubt, people are contributing less and less of their time to exercise that maintains a healthy lifestyle. This globalization of this circumstance commonly occurs because of shifts in economic development and modern technology (Harvard School of Public Health, n.d.). In the United Kingdom, people are less active as result their desire to own a vehicle instead of walking or cycling (Ibid). Frequently diet or eating high calorie foods, especially sugars and fats, which gradually accumulate in the body without regular physical exertion (NHS Choices, 2014). As a consequence, there has been a modest increase in mortality. It is compelling that insufficient physical activity is a crucial explanation for the growth in obesity. Obesity is considered as a potential threat to life expectancy. Heart disease is the main cause of fatalities, killing 598,000 people annually (FOX, 2013). Heart disease is followed by cancer, which causes 575,000 deaths annually (Ibid). Cardiovascular diseases are come from overweight (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Officially, the expected longevity for a female is 81 years, while for a male it is 76.2 years (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The measure of body mass index (BMI) is a tool for assessing the appropriate level of weight (NHS Choices, 2014). Researchers investigated the effect of body mass index on life span. A BMI of 30-35 kg/m2, which is regarded as modest obesity, causes a loss of 3 years of lifetime (University of Oxford, 2009). A BMI with 40-50kg/m2, which is considered as morbid obesity, causes a decrease in lifetime of 8 to 10 years (Ibid). Thus, the greater BMI value, the higher the likelihood that people will be afflicted w ith various types of disease. It is noteworthy that obesity both maximizes the risk of death and minimizes the quantity of life. We will now consider the negative connection in between obesity and income. Obese employees have diminished job prospects and fewer opportunities for promotion. Theoretically, wage is determined by how much a worker contributes to a company (Cawley, 2011). For example, not only does obesity contribute to limited productivity, which leads to reduced company profit, but it also increases the likelihood of diseases, leading to workers frequently applying for sick leave with a higher cost for health insurance (Havard School of Public Health, 2012). Therefore, an obese worker produces less output and reduces company profit, causing that employer to avoid hiring or promoting obese workers. Food and beverages plays a vital role in declining obesity rates because of the calories that they contain a huge energy. The UK government has reported that excess calories are the result of sugar (Public Health England, 2014). Therefore, The UK department of Health declared a â€Å"Calorie reduction pledge† would be implemented. These days, 39 food companies have given support and signed an agreement agreeing to reduce sugar and calories in soft drinks (Department of Health, 2014). Coca-Cola is a large-scale manufacturer retailing a wide variety of drinks. Apart from reducing calories in carbonated drinks, Coca-Cola is also providing a detailed accounting of the calories in their drinks and providing easily understood nutrition labeling on their improved products. To illustrate, cola without sugar and calories accounted for 42 % of beverages sold (Department of Health, 2014).The producer has encouraged their retail merchants to purchase Diet Coke and Coca‑Cola Zero be cause these drinks are without calories and sugar (Coca-Cola, n.d.). Apparently, the motivation is to assist their customers to improve their lifestyle though promotion of healthy beverages. Without enforcement of legislation, advertising continuously promotes unwholesome food products. Advertising has been recognized as a highly effective medium for communication, and for selling products to particular targets, particularly aimed at obese people and children (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh and Merchant, 2005). Research has verified that 10% of advertisements promote confectionary or fast food chain restaurants such as KFC or McDonalds during family time (BBC News, 2014). Children and obese people are powerfully susceptible to choosing foods as a result of broadcast stations which promote a variety of food and beverage and large scale convenience food restaurants. Meanwhile, they prefer eating morsels of photo chips, and snacks with carbonated drinks instead of food with good nourishment. Therefore, the advertising legislation was officially announced starting from April 2007 by the regulator, Office of Communications. Ofcom analyzed the outcome and efficiency of the scheme by c ontrasting 2005 and 2008. They found that children watched advertisement with unhealthy foods 41% less (Department of Health, 2012). With unhealthy products sharply dismissed from advertising, children watching advertising fell by 25% (Office of Communications, 2010). These data indicated a considerable reduction of opportunities to view harmful advertising. Food advertisement is a form of marketing skill, providing a variety of information and affecting food choices and the preferences of viewers. A corporation mostly seeks to earn profits and attain turnover. Hence, rigid rules and regulation on advertising have decreased purchases of fast food. Physical activity reduces the cost of obesity and improves economic effectiveness. A study has recommended that an adult should exercise for 2.5 hours weekly while an adolescent and youngster should spend more than 7 hours per week exercising, on average. (World Health Organization, 2010). The unexpected outcome was that merely 27.1% of high school students actually allocate 60 minutes for a daily exercise (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The survey indicated that less than 48% of adults fulfilled the requirement(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The imposition of taxes is a global strategy used to reduce the prevalence of obesity by shifting food choice to away from the consumption of unhealthy and fatty foods. In fact, taxing is not only implemented to curb obesity, it is used to improve the average life experience by reducing heath disease and other serious illnesses (Kaplan, 2013). Denmark as an example, being the first European country to apply a surcharge on high saturated foods. The surcharges were applied to foods containing more than 2.3% of saturated fats, butter, meat and Danish pastries (Channel 4 News, 2011). Prices increased sharply by 14% for oils and fats, 4% for meats and 3% for milk (Petkantchin, 2013).In addition, healthier foods are taxed favorably versus junk foods which are taxed heavily, making them costly. As a result of, consumers lowered their demand for butter, cream and cheese by almost 7% (Snowdon, 2013). Not all the consumers could suffer the increase in the price, especially for those needy peop le. For public of the view, perspective of tax collecting was pessimistic although markup the price to regulated consumer purchase fatty food. The public was displeased about the increased prices due to taxation however the tax was successful at reducing the consumption of fatty foods. Bibliography BBC News, (2014).Ban TV junk food ads until 21:00, say campaigners. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-26665952 [Accessed 7 Jul. 2014]. Cawley, J. (2011).The Obesity Wage Penalty. [Online] The New York Times. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/11/28/should-legislation-protect-obese-people/the-obesity-wage-penalty [Accessed 29 Jul. 2014]. Coca-Cola, (n.d.).Coca-Cola Enterprises : Product Portfolio. [Online] Available at: https://www.cokecce.com/corporate-responsibility-sustainability/product-portfolio [Accessed 7 Jul. 2014]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).Facts about Physical Activity. [Online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/facts.html [Accessed 28 Jul. 2014]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).Physical Activity Adolescent and School Health. [Online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/physicalactivity/facts.htm [Accessed 28 Jul. 2014]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).FastStats How Healthy Are We. [Online] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/healthy.htm [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. DeFusco, D. (2014).High Cost of Fruits, Vegetables Linked to Higher Body Fat in Young Children | News | School of Public Affairs | American University. [Online] American University, School of public affair. Available at: http://www.american.edu/spa/news/fruits-vegetables-children-study.cfm [Accessed 3 Jul. 2014]. Dehghan, M., Akhtar-Danesh, N. and Merchant, A. (2005). Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention.Nutrition journal, [online] 4(1), p.4. Available at: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24#sec3 [Accessed 27 Jun. 2014]. Department of Health, (2014).Responsibility Deal annual updates 2013/14 published today. [Online] Available at: https://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/responsibility-deal-annual-updates-201314-published-today/ [Accessed 6 Jul. 2014]. Harvard School of Public Health, (n.d.).Physical Activity. [Online] Harvard School of Public Health. Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/physical-activity-and-obesity/#references [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014]. Harvard School of Public Health, (2012).Economic Costs. [Online] Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-consequences/economic/#references [Accessed 29 Jul. 2014]. Mayhew, L. (2009).The impact of obesity on life expectancy. [Online] Cass Business School. Available at: http://www.cass.city.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2009/april2/the-impact-of-obesity-on-life-expectancy [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. NHS Choices, (2014).Whats your BMI? [Online] NHS Choices. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/BodyMassIndex.aspx [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. NHS Choices, (2014).Causes of obesity. [Online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. Public Health England, (2014).About Obesity [Online] Available at: http://www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity [Accessed 25 Jun. 2014]. Tran, M. (2014).Cadbury makes anti-obesity pledge with cap on chocolate bar calories. [Online] Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/03/cadbury-anti-obesity-pledge-cap-chocolate-calories-mondelez [Accessed 7 Jul. 2014]. West Virginia Health Statistic Center, (n.d.).Section One Continued OBESITY AND MORTALITY. [Online] West Virginia Health Statistic Center. Available at: http://www.wvdhhr.org/bph/oehp/obesity/mortality.htm [Accessed 30 Jul. 2014]. Worldobesity.org, (2014).World Obesity Federation about Obesity. [Online] Available at: http://www.worldobesity.org/aboutobesity/ [Accessed 25 Jun. 2014]. World Health Organization, (2010).Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. 1st ed. [eBook] World Health Organization, p.8. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599979_eng.pdf [Accessed 28 Jul. 2014]. Yale Rudd Centre, (n.d.).Rudd Center for Food Policy Obesity — What We Do — Economics — Topics: Food Prices. [online] Yaleruddcenter.org. Available at: http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/what_we_do.aspx?id=85 [Accessed 3 Jul. 2014]. University of Oxford, (2009).Moderate obesity takes years off life expectancy. [Online] University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2009/090317.html [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. Chan, K., Prendergast, G., Grà ¸nhà ¸j, A. and Bech-Larsen, T. (2011).Danish and Chinese adolescents’ perceptions of healthy eating and attitudes toward regulatory measures. 3rd ed. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, p.219 Channel 4 News, (2011).Denmark introduces fat tax on food. [Online] Available at: http://www.channel4.com/news/denmark-introduces-fat-tax-on-food [Accessed 26 Jun. 2014]. Office of Communications, (2004).Childhood Obesity à ± Food Advertising in Context. 1st ed. [eBook] Office of Communications, p.13. Available at: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/tv-research/report2.pdf [Accessed 26 Jun. 2014] National obesity observatory, (no date).TV viewing and obesity in children and young people. [eBook] Available at: http://www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_15867_TV_viewing.pdf [Accessed 27 Jun. 2014]. Department of Health, (2012).An update on the government’s approach to tackling obesity. [eBook] National Audit Office, p.25. Available at: http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/tackling_obesity_update.pdf [Accessed 27 Jun. 2014]. Office of Communications, (2010).HFSS advertising restrictions. 1st ed. [eBook] Office of Communications, pp.2-3. Available at: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/tv-research/hfss-review-final.pdf [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014] Benson, B., Ferris, A., Eberle, M. and Huntington, C. (2008).The Economic Impact of Prevention. 1st ed. [ebook] University of Connecticut, p.i. Available at: www.publichealth.uconn.edu/assets/economicimpact_06_25_08_final.pdf [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014]. NHS, (n.d.).Obesity Causes NHS Choices. [Online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014]. Stanford Hospital Clinics, (n.d.).What Causes Obesity?. [Online] Available at: http://stanfordhospital.org/clinicsmedServices/COE/surgicalServices/generalSurgery/bariatricsurgery/obesity/causes.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2014]. Harvard School of Public Health, (2013).Eating healthy vs. unhealthy diet costs about $1.50 more per day. [online] Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/healthy-vs-unhealthy-diet-costs-1-50-more/ [Accessed 1 Jul. 2014]. Kaplan, K. (2013).Denmark aims to improve health with. [online] Los Angeles Times Articles. Available at: http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/03/news/la-heb-fat-tax-denmark-20111013 [Accessed 2 Jul. 2014]. Petkantchin, V. (2013).Nutritiontaxes:thecostsofDenmarksfattax. [ebook] Institutà ©conomiqueMolinari, p.3. Available at: http://www.institutmolinari.org/IMG/pdf/note0513_en.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2014]. Snowdon, C. (2013).The Proof of the Pudding: Denmarks fat tax fiasco. 1st ed.[ebook] The Institute of Economics Affairs, p.20. Available at: http://www.nzjba.org.nz/myfiles/The_Proof_of_the_Pudding.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2014]. European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2013. Physical Education and Sport at School in Europe Eurydice Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. P.1

The Movement of Disease Essays -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Movement of Disease The desire to travel and explore developed among many early civilizations. This mobility provided these cultures with many advantages that have helped to advance their societies. Unfortunately, these movements are also responsible for the transmission of numerous diseases and their resulting adverse effects upon the inhabitants of the Earth. This essay seeks to outline the causes of epidemic diseases, explain their diffusion around the world, and explore why they are more harmful in certain societies. During the First Great Transition, small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers began to adopt sedentary lifestyles. This was facilitated by the development of agriculture and the practice of animal domestication. Although the foundation of agriculture originated in the Mediterranean, it spread to Europe, the near East and eventually the rest of the populated world. With more efficient methods of food production, the population of these groups began to significantly increase. Domesticated animals were not only used as a supplementary food source (meat and milk), but also for providing animal power in labor-intensive activities (such as plowing). The transition to a sedentary lifestyle caused a major decline in health in these growing societies as virulent and lethal diseases began to appear. "The major killers of humanity throughout recent history-smallpox, flu, tuberculosis, malaria, plague, measles, and cholera-are diseases that evolved from diseases of animals, even though most of the microbes responsible for our own epidemic illnesses are paradoxically now almost confined to humans."1 As early farmers began to live closer to and spend more time with livestock and pets, the germs from these animals w... ...s. As trade became a compelling force for the cultural evolution of many societies, they helped to spread diseases over the entire world. Due to an auspicious piece of luck, Europe, with many more domesticated animals and therefore epidemic diseases, was able to develop immunities that the populous of the Americas lacked. Sources: 1. Diamond, Jered. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton. 1997. Pg. 196-197. 2. Chant, Colin. Pre-industrial Cities & Technology. London: Routledge. 1999. Pg. 51. 3. Diamond. Pg. 205. 4. Ehrlich, Paul R. Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect. Washington D.C.: Island Press. 2000. Pg. 268. 5. Ponting, Clive. A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1992. Pg. 224. 6. Ehrlich. Pg. 254 7. Diamond. Pg. 212.

Business Studies Motivation Report Essay

1.1- The following report is selected to discover and explain the motivational theory know as Theory Z. Theory Z is a motivation theory which was discovered and created by Dr. William Ouchi and is known as the so-called ‘Japanese Management’ style. Dr. William Ouchi’s theory Z was based on Dr. W. Edwards Deming’s famous â€Å"14 points†. Deming was an American scholar whose management and motivation theories were rejected in the United States, he then went on to help lay the foundation of Japanese organizational development during their expansion in the world economy in the 1980s, from there on this is where Dr William Ouchi created the motivational theory ‘Theory Z’ 1.2Here I have created a timeline of the motivational theories to show how they have evolved. 1943 – Abraham Maslow – A theory of Human Motivation. This is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs where there is a pyramid, at the bottom of the pyramid there is the physiological things required such as breathing, food, water. At the top there is the self-actualization, such as morality, creativity, problem solving. 1960 – Douglas McGregor – Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X and Theory Y consist of two very different types of management. Theory X believes that no one enjoys work and employees are lazy and require force so their work it complete. Theory Y believes that people enjoy work and has a friendlier atmosphere. McGregor also combined his theory with Maslow’s in saying the bottom half of the triangle was Theory X needs and the top half was Theory Y needs. 1980 – Dr. William Ouchi – Theory Z. This theory is fairly recent and has developed from all of the theories. Dr. William Ouchi has combined all the motivational theories and crea ted the theory Z, this theory is what I will be doing my report on. In the 1970s and 1980s, many United States industries lost market share to international competitors, particularly Japanese companies. Concerns about the competitiveness of U. S. companies led some to examine Japanese management practices for clues to the success enjoyed by many of their industries. This led to many articles and books purporting to explain the success of Japanese companies. It was in this atmosphere that Theory Z was introduced into the management lexicon. 1.3Theory Z’s main attributes consist of combined motivational theories. This theory makes assumptions that the workers tend to want to build happy and intimate working relationships. Theory Z also states that theory Z workers need to be supported by the company and they highly value a working environment. These workers have a very well developed sense of order, discipline and an obligation to work hard. Unlike McGregor’s Theory X workers, Theory Z employees can be trusted and to work hard so long as their managers can be trusted to support them according to Ouchi’s Theory Z. I will be focusing on applying this theory to the workforce in the Holiday centre as the organisation’s communication is not of a good standard as well as the company being unorganised. 1.4This Theory fits the organisation I have chosen as the within this workplace there needs to be good working relationships as well as trust, yet there still needs to be discipline and an obligation to work hard. The organisation that I am fitting this theory to is a Holiday Park’s swimming pool located in a rural town. Application 2.1Within the workplace of the Holiday Park’s Swimming pool sector, there are issues between the pool managers and the staff (lifeguards) on poolside. The pool managers have adopted Douglas McGregor’s Theory Y motivation theory. The pool managers have built strong relationships with the staff so therefore making it difficult for the pool managers to come across as strict. William Ouchi’s theory Z motivation theory is suitable for this situation as it combines strong relationships between staff, like a ‘clan culture’ but the theory still retains some elements of bureaucratic hierarchies, such as formal authority relationships, performance evaluation, and some work specialization. Therefore the pool managers would still be able to have their relationship but still keep their authority over the lifeguards. 2.1.1 Pros – This theory would apply well to this organisation because it keeps the respect of the hierarchies within the business as well as keeping the relationships that have been built throughout work 2.1.2 Cons – The cons of this theory is that having this relationship between the pool manager and lifeguards existing at all could cause some problems to their relationship outside of work due to the lifeguards disapproving of being told what to do by their friend or by being jealous of their friend having a higher paid, more responsibilities job. Douglas McGregor’s theory X would be more suitable for the pool managers. 2.2The lifeguards within this company are unmotivated and have low morale, this then results in the lifeguards being upset and strict, stopping people from enjoying themselves. This is a big issue for the company because with unhappy staff comes unhappy customers. The lifeguards require motivation and need to feel more like a ‘clan culture’, they need job satisfaction; this is where Theory Z would be suitable. The theory would suit to this situation because Theory Z encourages and emphasizes individual contribution and responsibility. Theory Z also emphasizes communication, collaboration, and consensus in decision making. If the lifeguards had theory Z applied to them, they would feel more inclined to work. 2.2.1 Pros – The pros of this is that with the lifeguards having their own responsibility and contributions, they will feel more satisfaction and recognised by the company, it will give the employees self-confidence therefore resulting in a stronger workforce. 2.2.2 Cons – The cons of this theory applying to this situation is that the staff could get too much on their hands and take on to responsibilities and result in making a decision before consulting anyone else, the individual contribution and responsibilities could be taken advantage of. Conclusion The theory fits the situations well due to the theory applying relationships to the workforce yet still retaining the job authority so the respect is not lost from a lower staff member to a member of a higher job. The theory also applies individual contribution and creates a self of value towards the company by the staff as they feel their opinion is wanted, as well as their confidence within the workforce and company increases.

Report detailing an analysis of Gary Tredwells Cash Flow Essays

Report detailing an analysis of Gary Tredwells Cash Flow Essays Report detailing an analysis of Gary Tredwells Cash Flow Essay Report detailing an analysis of Gary Tredwells Cash Flow Essay In this report, I will be breaking down your cash flow forecast in detail and will be making suggestions and pointing out problems and telling you how I would change them. A cash flow forecast is a statement that shows the expected movements of the cash in and out of a business. It is normally prepared on a 12 month basis but predictions will more than likely be done on a monthly basis. Cash Inflows: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 16850 1900 2600 3000 3200 3600 3700 3900 4000 4100 4200 4500 Cash out flows: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 16950 1610 3190 3470 3480 3630 3880 3785 3905 4045 3975 4155 This shows cash inflows from January to December compared with the outflows from January to December I will be using these figures to make recommendation for the issues that I have found. Cash inflows: Sales: Issue: At the start it looks like you have good sales. However you outflow started to become higher than your sales you can see this in six of the months on the statement. Your sales gradually increase towards august and is positive but not by a lot, only by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½115, unfortunately you are still left with a negative closing balance. Credit Sales: Issue: Credit sales this is when a product is sold to a customer on credit, which means they receive the product before they have paid for it, normally the customer will start to pay it off a month after purchase. This method is used to gain more sales. In your business case selling on credit has gained your more sales as credit sales have increased each month the highest point increased to 1500. Credit sales are a bit of a gamble as you can never predict a late or missed payment. However it does increase the inflow on the cash flow statement. Something that you might consider doing is charging people interest if they are late to repay you this way people would be more inclined to pay you on time. Also it means that if you have to pay interest on a bank overdraft because you dont have the money up front because of a late payment it will then cover your costs. Recommendation: My recommendation would be to increase your prices as you have low sales, this might be essential to your survival and this is your main objective. Potentially you could increase your sales if you did some more advertising. By advertising your business more it will cost you quite a bit of money in the short term. However in the long time I think it will be beneficial. Capital Expenditure: Fixed assets: Issue: You have spent a lot of money on your fixed assets, as this is your first business it is essential that you buy equipment that is needed for you to succeed, as they will hopefully last you a long time. I have noticed that you have spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½400 on a trolley jack, there are also I few other that you have spent a lot of money on some of which I dont think were really necessary. This money could have been better spent in other areas of the business. Recommendation: Instead of buying all of your equipment and spending a lot of money in one go it might benefit you more if you had rented equipment like the trolley jack and just brought the essential equipment. This is more expensive in the long term but more beneficial in the short term. This will take half of the capital introduced to the business at the start of the month. This is because you will be paying small amounts each month for the equipment instead of a huge lump some at the beginning. Revenue Expenditure Overheads: Issue: General expenses consist of things like rent, gas, electricity, insurance and power. At the moment you are paying à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 a month for your rent this is a very good price and only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½150 every three months for you light and power which is also very reasonable. Your material costs are at a reasonable price but your sales should be doubling the money you spent so this shows like I said early that you should put your prices up. As the prices are reasonable I am sure you shouldnt have to much difficulty keeping up with payments. However your telephone bill is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 a month which is the equivalent of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2400 a year you need to keep this bill as low as possible as it is costing you a lot. Recommendation: There are only a couple of things I can think of that will benefit you in this area the first would be to contact your supplier and see if you could start buying in bulk this would cost you more in the short term but would be less in the long term. The other suggestion I would make is to change to a contract mobile for the business look for one with unlimited calls this would cost around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a month, as you are spending on average à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 a month this would save you à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½150 a month which is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1800 a year. Personal Drawings: Issue: At the moment you are taking over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 a month for your self, I am sure this is what you deserve for the work you do. It would benefit the business if you tried to cut this down if possible. Recommendation: Your business will consistently stay negative unless you cut down on the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1010 you earn a month. Net Cash Flow: Issue: The difference between the cash inflow and outflow of the business is called the net cash flow. Your expenditure is higher than it should be as a result of this your business was only positive once in the first seven months. Also you used up the capital introduced of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16000 before the second month which is not good. Recommendation You need to reduce your expenditure in order to survive. From what I see you have a lot of expenses to sales. You could start up new methods of selling your product such as advertising, cold calling set up an internet site. Closing Balance Issue: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 100 390 -200 -670 -280 -310 -490 -375 -280 -225 0 345 The figures above show your closing balance. Unfortunately for you the majority are negative. However towards the end of the year it is looking better which means if you can keep this going your business has a high chance of survival. You need to keep your closing balance positive because when applying for a bank loan the cash flow forecast for you business is one of the things that they will look at. Recommendation: In the first couple of months as you can see your business isnt doing to great but if you follow the recommendations I have suggested then hopefully your business will turn around like it has started to do in December. If the closing is consistently kept positive then applying for a loan will be essential for the business as it could be used to invest in to the business. However at the moment you would not be able to apply for a bank loan as the majority of months are negative.

The major backbone of the economy Essay Example

The major backbone of the economy Essay Example The major backbone of the economy Essay The major backbone of the economy Essay India has started the innovations in financial markets very late. Some of the recent developments initiated by the regulatory authorities are very important in this respect. Futures trading have been permitted in certain commodity exchanges. Mumbai Stock Exchange has started futures trading in cottonseed and cotton under the BOOE and under the East India Cotton Association. Necessary infrastructure has been created by the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) for trading in stock index futures and the commencement of operations in selected scripts. Liberalised exchange rate management system has been introduced in the year 1992 for regulating the flow of foreign exchange. A committee headed by S. S. Tarapore was constituted to go into the merits of full convertibility on capital accounts. RBI has initiated measures for freeing the interest rate structure. It has also envisioned Mumbai Inter Bank Offer Rate (MIBOR) on the line of London Inter Bank Offer Rate (LIBOR) as a step towards introducing Futures trading in Interest Rates and Forex. Badla transactions have been banned in all 23 stock exchanges from July 2001. NSE has started trading in index options based on the NIFTY and certain Stocks. In the decade of 1990s revolutionary changes took place in the institutional infrastructure in Indias equity market. It has led to wholly new ideas in market design that has come to dominate the market. These new institutional arrangements, coupled with the widespread knowledge and orientation towards equity investment and speculation, have combined to provide an environment where the equity spot market is now Indias most sophisticated financial market. One aspect of the sophistication of the equity market is seen in the levels of market liquidity that are now visible. The market impact cost of doing program trades of Rs. 5 million at the NIFTY index is around 0. 2%. This state of liquidity on the equity spot market does well for the market efficiency, which will be observed if the index futures market when trading commences. Indias equity spot market is dominated by a new practice called Futures Style settlement or account period settlement. In its present scene, trades on the largest stock exchange (NSE) are netted from Wednesday morning till Tuesday evening, and only the net open position as of Tuesday evening is settled. The future style settlement has proved to be an ideal launching pad for the skills that are required for futures trading. Stock trading is widely prevalent in India, hence it seems easy to think that derivatives based on individual securities could be very important. The index is the counter piece of portfolio analysis in modern financial economies. Index fluctuations affect all portfolios. The index is much harder to manipulate. This is particularly important given the weaknesses of Law Enforcement in India, which have made numerous manipulative episodes possible. The market capitalisation of the NSE-50 index is Rs. 2. 6 trillion. This is six times larger than the market capitalisation of the largest stock and 500 times larger than stocks such as Sterlite, BPL and Videocon. If market manipulation is used to artificially obtain 10% move in the price of a stock with a 10% weight in the NIFTY, this yields a 1% in the NIFTY. Cash settlements, which is universally used with index derivatives, also helps in terms of reducing the vulnerability to market manipulation, in so far as the short-squeeze is not a problem. Thus, index derivatives are inherently less vulnerable to market manipulation. A good index is a sound trade of between diversification and liquidity. In India the traditional index- the BSE sensitive index was created by a committee of stockbrokers in 1986. It predates a modern understanding of issues in index construction and recognition of the pivotal role of the market index in modern finance. The flows of this index and the importance of the market index in modern finance, motivated the development of the NSE-50 index in late 1995. Many mutual funds have now adopted the NIFTY as the benchmark for their performance evaluation efforts. If the stock derivatives have to come about, the should restricted to the most liquid stocks. Membership in the NSE-50 index appeared to be a fair test of liquidity. The 50 stocks in the NIFTY are assuredly the most liquid stocks in India. The choice of Futures vs. Options is often debated. The difference between these instruments is smaller than, commonly imagined, for a futures position is identical to an appropriately chosen long call and short put position. Hence, futures position can always be created once options exist. Individuals or firms can choose to employ positions where their downside and exposure is capped by using options. Risk management of the futures clearing is more complex when options are in the picture. When portfolios contain options, the calculation of initial price requires greater skill and more powerful computers. The skills required for pricing options are greater than those required in pricing futures. In India, the futures market for commodities evolved by the setting up of the Bombay Cotton Trade Association Ltd. , in 1875. A separate association by the name Bombay Cotton Exchange Ltd was established following widespread discontent amongst leading cotton mill owners and merchants over the functioning of the Bombay Cotton Trade Association. With the setting up of the Gujarati Vyapari Mandali in 1900, the futures trading in oilseed began. Commodities like groundnut, castor seed and cotton etc began to be exchanged. Raw jute and jute goods began to be traded in Calcutta with the establishment of the Calcutta Hessian Exchange Ltd. in 1919. The most notable centres for existence of futures market for wheat were the Chamber of Commerce at Hapur, which was established in 1913. Other markets were located at Amritsar, Moga, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Fazilka, Dhuri, Barnala and Bhatinda in Punjab and Muzaffarnagar, Chandausi, Meerut, Saharanpur, Hathras, Gaziabad, Sikenderabad and Barielly in U. P. The Bullion Futures market began in Bombay in 1990. After the economic reforms in 1991 and the trade liberalization, the Govt. of India appointed in June 1993 one more committee on Forward Markets under Chairmanship of Prof. K. N. Kabra. The Committee recommended that futures trading be introduced in basmati rice, cotton, raw jute and jute goods, groundnut, rapeseed/mustard seed, cottonseed, sesame seed, sunflower seed, safflower seed, copra and soybean, and oils and oilcakes of all of them, rice bran oil, castor oil and its oilcake, linseed, silver and onions. All over the world commodity trade forms the major backbone of the economy. In India, trading volumes in the commodity market have also seen a steady rise to Rs 5,71,000 crore in FY05 from Rs 1,29,000 crore in FY04. In the current fiscal year, trading volumes in the commodity market have already crossed Rs 3,50,000 crore in the first four months of trading. Some of the commodities traded in India include Agricultural Commodities like Rice Wheat, Soya, Groundnut, Tea, Coffee, Jute, Rubber, Spices, Cotton, Precious Metals like Gold Silver, Base Metals like Iron Ore, Aluminium, Nickel, Lead, Zinc and Energy Commodities like crude oil, coal. Commodities form around 50% of the Indian GDP. Though there are no institutions or banks in commodity exchanges, as yet, the market for commodities is bigger than the market for securities. Commodities market is estimated to be around Rs 44,00,000 Crores in future. Assuming a future trading multiple is about 4 times the physical market, in many countries it is much higher at around 10 times.

Business Skills Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Skills - Personal Statement Example A web presence will be crucial, optimised for search engines. Consumers are impatient with poorly designed sites, or sites which do not provide them with instant gratification to the answers they are seeking. Besides the inbuilt functions, it is possible to design a data capture application customised to the needs of the business. This could be something as simple as a quotation application, all the way through to an accounting package. Project management is increasingly important to the property professional. I used this tool to assist in scoping a project, in terms of resources such as manpower, time and money. It can be used in a variety of ways, for example as a time-management tool for the itinerant business man, all the way through to costing a major property development. The seasoned professional needs to take on board the basic underlying principles involved. At the heart of ADR is the importance of Customer Relationship Management. Throughout the whole exercise - from initial contact through to sign off - it is crucial to ensure that the client understands, accepts and agrees the terms and conditions of the proposal. I find it important to keep written/typed records of all communications made with a client. This assists in determining where - if at all - mistakes were made and provides learning opportunities to prevent such situations arising again. Although the lettings sector is not as heav

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Education - Essay Example With education turning out to be one of the most important aspects of one’s life, educators, government authorities and other relevant stakeholders are increasingly concerned about the various challenges that may impede the educational processes. Although, countries of the world have their own educational systems to effectively educate their children and young people, there could be some problems in each of these systems. So, this paper focusing on the educational systems of United States and Middle Eastern countries, will discuss how there are certain inherent problems in both these systems, necessitating reforms. United States is regarded as the most developed nation in various spheres of human existence from economy to science and technology, media power, etc. United States is able to achieve that recognition, not only because of their innovative mindset and hard work, but due to a strong educational system. Although, the educational system is churning out equipped individu als, there are certain facts and issues, which clearly show that the education system in America needs reforms. One of the key facts is the inability of the children, students or young adult to read and write high level language in various fields from science to politics. Michael Moore in his book, Stupid white men-- and other sorry excuses for the state of the nation provides the statistics which depict the levels of literacy among the people in America. â€Å"There are forty-four million Americans who cannot read and write above a fourth-grade level-in other words, who are functional illiterates.† (Moore). He further states that even if the people are able to read, they rarely indulge in reading activities. â€Å"I've also read that only 11 percent of the American public bothers to read a daily newspaper, beyond the funny pages or the used car ads.† (Moore). This implies that though the Americans are educated, they are not utilizing their knowledge to increase their awareness about the world. If these shocking facts about the educational system are focused in an particular perspective, it is clear that the schooling system has some loopholes. Formal education of a child begins in a school and the quality of schooling depends on the variety of factors. The conditions of American public schools particularly regarding the treatment of teachers point towards the lackadaisical attitude of the American government towards education. Teachers and their dedicated efforts are very important in the education of the child. But even these teachers are neglected by the American government and society. They are not adequately paid and this results in low quality of teaching, as the teachers are not encouraged to perform better by recognizing their efforts in form of high wages. â€Å"The twin topics of teacher quality and teacher compensation have garnered considerable attention†¦motivated in part by the desire to increase the quality of individuals who select into the teaching profession, and to prevent attrition.† (). With these problems of underpayment and attrition, it is obvious that the education of children is effected to such an extent they are never able to comprehend true meaning of education. To correct these situation regarding the quality of education and quality of teachers, they have to be paid aptly. â€Å"One obvious policy tool to deal with the quality and distribution of teachers would be to increase teachers' monetary compensation, perhaps in a targeted